1/23/2024 0 Comments Monster jam michigan 2023![]() Ford Field provides guests with optimum security by incorporating the NFL's first-rate security program, 'Best Practices' into our overall security plan. For your convenience and added security, Ford Field uses a scanning turnstile method of ticket validation. Ejection from the game will be without refund and may result in the loss of season ticket privileges. Unlawful items that are discovered during inspections are subject to being confiscated, and the person in possession of those items is subject to ejection and/or arrest. Prohibited items that are discovered during security inspections at the stadium entrances must either be returned to the owner's vehicle or discarded. Please note that all personal belongings will be subject to inspection upon entry into the stadium. Signs (must comply with standards of taste and decency no profane or offensive messages must not block another guest's view) To ensure the highest level of safety and security, all guests are subject to a courteous screening upon entering Ford Field.Small radios (must be used with an earpiece).Small bags, purses and fanny packs (must comply with the bag limits). ![]()
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1/23/2024 0 Comments Notability to pdf![]() ![]() Click on the Share button at the top left corner of the screen.Steps on How to Save Notability Files on iPad via Share to Button. ![]() You can refer to the images shown below for additional help. Moreover, you get multiple options to configure the type of PDF to be saved. It can be done without spending much time. this method is the easiest to perform as well as more convenient comparatively. Last, but not, least is the best method to save files from Notability to pdf on iPad. Save Notability Files on iPad via Share to Button Refer to the image shown below for additional support. Tap and hold the concerned Note and swipe and drop it onto the folder of your choice.One is consisting of Notability and the other of the File manager.And that is, it is the easiest method to save notes when compared to other methods.īelow are the steps on how to Save Notability Files on iPad via Split Screen. Nevertheless, it has its own Silver lining. Rather, the notes will be saved in the form of a Notability format. To mention a few, it is not possible to save the concerning note in the form of a PDF. But this method comes with its own drawbacks. This is the second method to save Notability Files on your iPad. Save Notability Files on iPad via Split Screen Moreover, you can simply create a new folder by tapping the folder with a plus icon displayed at the top of the screen. Additionally, you can rename the name of the note before saving it. Here you can browse the appropriate location to save the copy. This is the last step to save the videos from Notability to iPad. Save Notability Files on iPad via Print Button On That version you won’t be able to save the notes on your device. Note that there are certain restrictions to the free version of the notability app. Each and every method consist of a detailed pictorial guide that will help you through the process. Out of all the methods available to convert the notes on your application into a PDF below are the three ways that are comparatively simple. So let us dive into the answer to How to Save Notability Files on iPad as pdf? How to Save Notability Files on iPad as pdf?īelow is a Detailed how to guide on saving files from Notability on your iPad. But with practice, you will be able to save them within no time. There are higher chances that you may find the process to save the files from Notability to iPad a bit difficult in the beginning. To Save Notability Files on iPad as pdf is a bit complex process and involves a couple of steps. Moreover, one can save the PDF and store it in the file manager for future purposes. The reason can be to share handwritten notes with your friends or family. In certain situations, We may need to convert the notes on the app into PDF. However, Notability to pdf can be easily done with a couple of steps in the right direction. It is more commonly seen with users that are new to the Notability app. How to Save Notability Files on iPad as pdf? This is a type of question that can irritate us for a long time. 2.3 How do I add a PDF to Notability on iPad? ![]() 1/22/2024 0 Comments Maya rudolph body![]() ![]() You’re either good at them or you’re not.” “They’re both things that, when they’re done well, they can’t really be taught. “They’re kind of the same language, weirdly,” she explains. ![]() “It wasn’t tangible to really understand what it was, but some magical quality.” She quickly came to revere this indescribable connection between music and comedy, the two defining creative forces of her life. “And then I’d see something funny, like a movie or a comedian, and think that I want to be like that, too,” she adds. As she watched musicians crush their sets with wit and flair, she’d long to do the same. She grew up with a keen eye for what makes performers great, not least because she spent her early childhood watching her mother, the singer Minnie Riperton, dazzle crowds on tour. (More than anything else with “Bridesmaids,” Rudolph remembers laughing.) “Knowing what was coming and everyone having to hide it, constantly being sprayed down with everyone in different stages of duress…it was just a really fun slow burn,” she recalls with a laugh. While her infamous “ shitting in the street” moment was mostly just stressful - you try sliding to your knees in a wedding gown across a full lane of traffic - she fondly remembers the setup of everyone sweating through food poisoning before all hell breaks loose. Then again, Rudolph’s also partial to less glamorous comedic turns, like so many of the scenes in “Bridesmaids” that made the movie such a standout 10(!) years ago. “Whether I realized it or not, I was watching these women that I wanted to be, who were gorgeous and funny - which to me is the ultimate combination of perfection,” she says. Rudolph didn’t have to know exactly what Kahn was imitating to know that she was always, as Rudolph puts it, “the beautiful woman doing something hilarious.” Later, as she became more aware of comedians like Catherine O’Hara, Gilda Radner and Jan Hooks, she realized this niche of comedian was her ideal. Growing up with Mel Brooks films as a household staple, Rudolph would watch in awe as Kahn outshone everyone else as an impetuous empress, a jaded madam, a film noir heroine climbing out of a pristine Cadillac in a matching jumpsuit. Take Rudolph’s comedic idol Madeleine Kahn, a forcefully funny woman whose impeccable glamor came arm-in-arm with her ability to make every line a standout. And while her flowered smock isn’t exactly the crisp white button-down for which Stritch became famous, Rudolph draws inspiration from brassy broads like her who insisted on being themselves, expectations be damned. Her distinctive voice turned down from 11, she blinks into the Zoom camera through clear-rimmed glasses, her dog Daisy curled in her lap. I’m just going to become Elaine Stritch and wear a shirt.”Įven over Zoom, Rudolph already seems perfectly content with this ethos. My thighs haven’t seen pant legs in a year. “And I no longer have a waist, so there’s that. ![]() “Heels and I were already on the outs, but now we’ve gone our separate ways, which is fine by me,” Rudolph laughs. On a smaller, more immediate level, that just might mean wearing whatever the hell she wants. On a macro level, that might mean taking on fewer projects even if she loves everyone involved in them. “Something that I feel has been a big awakening for me as I look at work is what makes me happy, what makes me unhappy, and how do I establish those boundaries?” she explains. Speaking from her home in Los Angeles a week after hosting “SNL” for the second time, Rudolph is contemplative about this potential turning point in her life and career. ![]() ![]() sunscreen a try if you love Supergoop's version or have wanted to try it but were deterred by the price. so, im looking for a sunscreen like the supergoop one (clear silicone like one) that has a very high uva ppd protection, like the uvmune 400 line. But if the sticker turns purple, then UV rays are detected, which means your skin isnt being protected. If the sunscreen is doing its job, the sticker should be clear. ![]() Faith made a video testing the Trader Joes version using SPOTMYUV detection stickers. Still, given the drastic price difference, I'd consider giving the E.L.F. While the Unseen Sunscreen is 36 for 1.7 oz, the Daily Facial Sunscreen is 8.99. Also like Supergoop, it's a completely transparent formula that glides onto the skin and looks clear with zero white cast or noticeable texture.Ĭomparing the two formulas side-by-side, I noticed Supergoop's formula felt creamier when I dispersed it over the skin and felt softer to the touch once blended out. recommends applying this 15 minutes before sun exposure as the last step in your morning skincare routine and reapplying it every two hours.Īs Reviewed's beauty editor, I tried the sunscreen-primer hybrid prior to its launch and can attest that, similar to Supergoop's Unseen Sunscreen, it has a silky-smooth texture that's reminiscent of silicone. The splurge: Supergoop Unseen Sunscreen SPF 40 (Available on Ulta, 38 for 1.7 ounces) The dupe: Trader Joe’s Daily Facial Sunscreen SPF 40, ( available at Trader Joes stores, 9 for 1. I'm also dipping my toe into European and Asian sunscreens right now to find my go-to's. budget-friendly potential dupe Kroger Sunscreen Invisible Gel SPF 40 10.99 for 3.0 oz 3.66 per oz. Skin Suntouchable Invisible Sunscreen SPF 35 claims to "protect skin while it primes, creating a velvety smooth finish that blurs imperfections and grips makeup for long-lasting wear." The chemical SPF uses avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene and homosalate to provide broad spectrum protection, meaning it mitigates the damage of both UVA (associated with signs of aging) and UVB (related to sunburns) rays. This is a comparison review of two American sunscreen options: cult favorite Supergoop Unseen Sunscreen SPF 40 PA+++ 34.00 for 1.7 oz 20 per oz. Skin Suntouchable Invisible Sunscreen ($14 for 1.7 ounces).įor more beauty, makeup and hair reviews and tips, follow us on TikTok. Before you run to snag that one, though, there's another contender at a much more affordable cost: the new E.L.F. That's why more than 3,000 Sephora reviewers turn to-and praise- Supergoop's Unseen Sunscreen formula ($38 for 1.7 ounces), which feels more like a silky primer on the skin than a sticky, greasy sunscreen. ![]() Purchases made through the links below may earn us and our publishing partners a commission.ĭo you hate wearing sunscreen? If you're nodding at the screen, know that you're not alone. In the past I’ve tried la Roche Posay and got a terrible allergic reaction so I just want to stay clear of that brand altogether. Looking for dupes for a different product You can use our Dupe Finder to search for them If youd like to see the all of the Supergoop dupes that weve found, check out our best Supergoop dupes guide. The Supergoop unseen sunscreen has been one of the only sunscreens that works for my skin. Recommendations are independently chosen by Reviewed's editors. Welcome to our complete breakdown of the best 14 Supergoop Unseen Sunscreen Body SPF 40 dupes and alternatives. Cosmetics launched its Invisble Sunscreen-a dupe for the Supergoop Unseen Sunscreen. Posts without a valid tag will be removed by Automoderator.E.L.F. People are in love with Supergoop Unseen, including us, which is why it's one of our picks for best sunscreen for your face. Megathreads HG threads No/Low Buy threads Routine megathreads Referral threads Research threadsĪsking a question? Check out our Daily Help Thread! One area in which I believe the Trader Joe’s sunscreen. SkincareAddiction FAQ How to post About us Verified flair Related subs The Trader Joe’s sunscreen also has a longer dry-down time, whereas the Supergoop feels like it melts into the skin almost immediately. ![]() More Help Routine order Expanding your routine How to patch test Shaving Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Mental healthĭiscussion day (text-post only) & No/Low Buy ThreadsĬasual Friday (Humor, Cringe, Selfies, B&As are allowed General Chat) Skincare Core ▹▹ The ScA Routine ◃◃ Cleansers Moisturizers Sunscreen ▹▹ Search the sub ◃◃Įverything.on Skin Concerns (acne, PIH, and more!). But we’ve found that Trader Joe’s Daily Facial Sunscreen SPF 40 is nearly as good, for about a quarter of the price. Don't spam your blog, your product, your anything Quick Links Valid Title Tags COVID-19 Megathread RulesĤ. ![]() 1/22/2024 0 Comments Zoom video backgrounds![]() ![]() The most important thing is to choose a realistic virtual background that is relevant for your business meetings.įor instance, if you are holding a formal meeting for work, there’s no need to add irrelevant things such as an image of the Batcave or superimposed beaches to your background. You might be conducting your business meeting from a train or a treadmill, but either way, you can still give your videoconference a professional feel by adding the right type of background. Use Relevant Backgrounds for the Meeting and Participants Avoid Elements That Might Be Distractingġ. Highlight Yourself or Your Business in Subtle Ways Use Psychically and Emotionally Pleasant Color Schemes So, if you’re ready, read the rest of this article to discover the different ways you can use Zoom like a pro. In this article, we take a look at how you can use Zoom backgrounds effectively to either conceal your personal/office space, build brand recognition and trust, or create a unique visual presence that lets your personality shine through. You can even use your virtual Zoom backgrounds as a way to identify meeting members so there’ll be no need for daggy name tags. They minimize distractions and boost productivity.They help you project a professional appearance.Backgrounds also come with a wide range of additional benefits, such as: With the right background, you’ll feel a lot more confident while broadcasting from your home or office. This can be professional or otherwise depending on your choice of real or virtual background. Your Zoom background creates a strong impression of you. ![]() 1/22/2024 0 Comments Flick and cj amiibo![]() While having coffee together, the two discuss and speak highly of their sons, implying the two might even be in-laws! Nat and Chip are Flick and C.J.'s fathers, respectively. Players have also noticed that scanning Nat's amiibo card at The Roost Cafe will result in Chip joining him for coffee. Once players have built the vacation home, the two characters move in together, and the whole thing is nothing short of adorable. Visit our Animal Crossing: New Horizons guide for everything you need to know about building a sweet home on Nook's island.If you build a vacation home for Flick he automatically brings CJ along with him I’m so □ #AnimalCrossingNewHorizions #HappyHomeParadise /VYYoOoQ6WR- Jackdaw November 8, 2021 Living your best life doesn't have to be. and Flick are clearly sweet on each other. Why do that, though? I understand there's some frustration with fandom turning platonic friendships between dudes into torrid gay love affairs, but the localized iterations of C.J. I know a detractor can easily counter with "Nuh-uh!" and point to the Japanese text that says they're just pals. ![]() be considered gay if there's no hint of a relationship in the original Japanese text? My answer is "Sure, why not." The vibe I get from their conversations is that they care for one another on an emotional level. ![]() What we've got here is a good ol' fashioned stand-off between canon, "fanon," and localization. also refers to Flick as his "friend," not his partner. You still choose between a boy and a girl, whereas the localization asks you to pick which facial style you identify with, and assures you you can change your look at any time. ![]() That said, New Horizons' original Japanese text is a little more conservative. Villagers will tell you a story about two princesses in love. Lovers in a real laid-back time? | SourceĪ gay couple isn't out of the realm of possibility in New Horizons: The protagonist you play as is gender neutral unless you decide otherwise. use when talking about one another suggests they've been a pair for a long time. Even with the "business partner" clarification in the guide-which is currently out in Europe, and will be coming to North America on April 30-the language Flick and C.J. and Flick feel nothing for each other beyond a mutual respect built on getting super-enthused about bugs and fish? Well, it depends where you live. The photo, a "Did You Know?" blurb about Flick, says the reptile is C.J.'s "business partner."ĭoes this mean C.J. DualShockers received an email that contained a photo of Flick from the Animal Crossing: New Horizons-Official Companion Guide. However, some recent revelations have put a damper on the celebration of gay love between the influencer beaver and the punk chameleon. speak warmly of each other and refer to one another as "partner" has some New Horizons players believing the two might be lovers. and Flick getting a little gooey-eyed over each other. assures you his friend is "soooo talented" and a "total artist." ResetEra has a collection of screenshots with examples of C.J. For example, you can commission Flick to make figurines of the bugs and fish you collect, and C.J. ![]() When you talk to them in-game, they refer you to their partner's respective services. The two are " roommates" and work together, that much is certain. There's been some buzz about the relationship between C.J. Woke: Raking in the cash through the poisonous arachnid trade. Broke: Playing the stalk market for turnips. A not-small number of New Horizons players have a room in their house that's stuffed to bursting with tarantulas, and it's all because they're waiting for Flick to visit so they can sell, sell, sell. He buys any bugs you catch with a significant mark-up. is a beaver who's big into livestreaming his fishing hobby, which he refers to as "seasports." Flick is a chameleon with a cool punk get-up who's huge into bugs. If you're not familiar with these two potential lovebirds, C.J. Playing Animal Crossing: New Horizons brings new questions to the fore every day, like, "Where should I plant this peach tree?" and "Why do my 'singing' villagers sound like they're screaming Satan's praises?" Another important query is making the rounds amongst New Horizons players: "Are Flick and C.J., you know, a thing?" Some content, such as this article, has been migrated to VG247 for posterity after USgamer's closure - but it has not been edited or further vetted by the VG247 team. This article first appeared on USgamer, a partner publication of VG247. ![]() 1/22/2024 0 Comments Pokemon unite update new pokemon![]() Duration of the effects has been increased reduced from 6s to 4s Has the user flail about, increasing the user's basic attack damage the lower the user's HP Damage has been decreased from 2819 to 1979 ( About 29%)) This also creates a zone of plasma that increases the user's basic attack range and dealt while the user is inside the zone. Unleashes a blast of lightning, dealing damage to opposing Pokemon in the area of effect and throwing them. If the user hits an opposing Pokemon with Volt Switch, Spark, or a boosted attack before using this move, the number of attacks in this combo is increased. If this move hits an opposing Pokemon, the user unleashes a combo attack that also deals a set amount of damage to itself. Has the user charge in the designated direction. This move can be used three times before it goes on cooldown. If the user uses its basic attack before reaching it's target Pokemon, the user will instead leap at the closest opposing Pokemon dealing damage to it. Has the user leap at an opposing Pokemon while electricity charged, dealing damage to them. Damage has been decreased from 3608 to 3024 ( About 16%) If this move hits opposing Pokemon that are paralyzed, it pulls them in towards the user once the move ends, dealing damage to them once again and leaving them unable to act. Releases an electrical discharge, dealing damage to nearby opposing Pokemon and granting the user a shield when it hits. Cooldown decreased & bug fix on movement speed decrease. Once this Unite Move ends, the user may jump in a designated direction. The water shuriken then immediately explodes, dealing damage to opposing Pokemon in the area of effect once again and throwing them. Has the user throw a giant water shuriken toward the designated area, dealing damage to opposing Pokemon in the area of effect and decreasing their movement speed for a short time when this Unite Move hits. Also increases the user's movement speed while using this move. Decreases the movement speed of opposing Pokemon for a short time and restores the user's HP when it hits. ![]() Throws shurikens made of water in quick succession. Damage dealt to opposing Pokemon has decreased. Quickly moves the user away from the current position, creating illusory copies of them to aid in battle. Bug fix on the boosted attack movement speed has been decreased. Range Increased & Damage has been increased from 605 to 740 ( About 23%). Cooldown has been reduced from 8s to 6s At point-blank range, it also shoves opposing Pokémon it hits. Cooldown has been reduced from 9s to 6sĬreates a tempest of sharp leaves, dealing damage to opposing Pokémon it hits and decreasing their movement speed for a short time. The affected Pokémon receives damage upon moving a set distance from that location, and its movement speed is decreased for a short time. ![]() If this move hits after power is charged to the maximum, it can stitch the opposing Pokémon’s shadow to the ground. Damage dealt by quills increases the longer power is charged, but movement speed is decreased while charging. Damage has been increased from 372 to 428 ( About 15%).Ĭharges power before firing quills in the designated direction. Pelts the target with leaves, decreasing the movement speed of opposing Pokemon for a short time when it hits. ※ A green up arrow represents a buff, while a red down arrow represents a nerf. Official Patch Notes (External Link) Overview Of Patch Notes ⬇ (Reduced HP recovered after a successful goal score to all battle modes.)īug Fix (Adjusted the Aeos Energy Points gained after defeating an opponent.)Ī new update has hit Unite as of September 8th! This patch includes bug fixes, text fixes, shop updates, and balance changes to the Pokemon Blissey! This is a rather small-scale patch with balance changes to just one Pokemon, but Blissey mains are sure to appreciate the substantive buffs! Read more below. ![]() 1/22/2024 0 Comments Formation of a precipitate![]() Once the precipitate has been recovered, the resulting powder may be called a "flower. A common sedimentation technique is centrifugation. In most situations, the solid forms (falls) out of the solute phase, and sinks to the bottom of. Sedimentation refers to any procedure that separates the precipitate from the liquid portion of the solution, which is called the supernate. The formation of a precipitate is a sign of a chemical change. Precipitation (Ppt) is the immediate source of stream run-off, hence its occurrence, distribution and. It is the most important phase in the hydrological cycle. OR Precipitation is deposition of atmospheric moisture. If the particle size of the insoluble compound is very small or there is insufficient gravity to draw the solid to the bottom of the container, the precipitate may be evenly distributed throughout the liquid, forming a suspension. Precipitation: It is the total supply of all forms of moisture emanating (coming) from the clouds and falling to the ground. The solid that is formed is called the precipitate. A chemical that causes a solid to form in a liquid solution is called a precipitant. Here's how it works: forming a solid from a solution is called precipitation. The terminology can seem a bit confusing. Do a demonstration to introduce the concept of a precipitate formation of a solid from the reaction of two liquids. They are used for purification, removing or recovering salts, for making pigments, and to identify substances in qualitative analysis. A precipitate is a solid that forms during a chemical reaction when two or more aqueous (liquid) solutions are mixed. Synonyms for PRECIPITATE: hurried, rushed, rash, precipitous, sudden, impulsive, hasty, headlong Antonyms of PRECIPITATE: deliberate, calculated, prolonged.
1/22/2024 0 Comments Now liquid iron![]() ![]() Do not take this supplement if you are allergic to wheat or any of the other listed ingredients. When should Floradix Liquid Iron not be used?įloradix Liquid Iron is not suitable for use by children under the age of 3. Children aged of 3 – 5: take 5ml once a day.Children aged 6 – 12: take 10ml (two 5ml teaspoons) once a day.Adults and children over the age of 12: take 10ml (two 5ml teaspoons) twice a day. ![]() How to take this productįor best results take on an empty stomach, either 30 minutes before a meal or 2 hours after. However, you should be aware that this product contains wheat and is not gluten or yeast free. It contains no alcohol, preservatives, or artificial flavours. Is this product suitable for my diet?įloradix Liquid Iron is suitable for vegetarians and is free from dairy and lactose. Floradix Liquid may be more suitable for young children than Floradix Tablets, as they may find tablets more difficult to swallow than liquid supplements. Is Floradix Liquid suitable for kids?įloradix Liquid Iron can be taken by children over the age of 3, making it perfect for the whole family. This will help you to be sure that the product you want to take is suitable for both you and your baby. However, you should speak to your doctor or pharmacist before taking any supplements or medications during these times. Can I take this product if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?įloradix Liquid is suitable for use during pregnancy or if you’re breastfeeding. Vitamin C helps iron to be absorbed, helping it to become more effective. Iron also helps to encourage normal red blood cell growth and haemoglobin formation. How will Floradix Liquid Iron help to reduce my tiredness?įloradix Liquid Iron contains B vitamins, Vitamin C and iron, which all contribute to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue and promote normal energy-yielding metabolism. Which vitamins and minerals are in this product?įloradix Liquid Iron contains the following vitamins and minerals which can contribute to reducing fatigue: Typically Floradix Liquid is available in 250ml and 500ml bottles. It’s dairy free, lactose free, vegetarian friendly, and suitable for the whole family. Floradix Liquid Iron is a daily supplement that contains a range of vitamins and iron which may help to reduce tiredness and fatigue. ![]() ![]() In 2004, Jody Nunnari and colleagues were able to induce, for the first time, fusion of isolated mitochondria in vitro. Moreover, the intracellular cascades that control these machineries are not well characterized yet. However, the picture is incomplete and additional components of the fusion and fission machineries certainly remain to be identified. Our knowledge of how mitochondria fuse and fragment has significantly increased over the past decade, mainly thanks to genetic studies performed in Drosophila or yeast that allowed identification of key players of these processes. Mitochondrial dynamins can be regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitination, which impact on their function and consequently on mitochondrial shape and dynamics. Mitochondrial fission relies on the cytosolic dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1 in mammals, Dnm1 in yeast), which uses the protein Fis1 as a receptor on the mitochondrial outer membrane. It is not known how fusion of inner and outer membranes is coordinated in mammals, but in yeast a third protein of the outer membrane, Ugo1, which interacts with both Fzo1 and Mgm1, may fulfill the role of a membrane fusion coordinator. It has been demonstrated, however, that it largely depends on another dynamin-like GTPase, Opa1 (Mgm1 in yeast). The mechanism of mitochondrial inner membrane fusion is less clear. Lipid mixing of the outer membrane could be catalyzed by lipid-modifying enzymes, such as mitochondrial phospholipase D (mito-PLD). These molecules allow tethering of two organelles before fusion of the outer membrane itself occurs. For fusion, mitochondria have mitofusins (Fzo1 in yeast) on the surface of their outer membranes. The whole process relies largely on dynamin-like proteins that hydrolyze GTP. Mitochondrial fusion requires the coordinated fusion of the outer and inner membranes. An important step towards this goal has now been accomplished by Schauss and colleagues, who have set up an elegant assay allowing quantification of mitochondrial fusion in vitro. Until now, one of the limitations in the research on mitochondrial dynamics, especially in mammals, has been the lack of a precise and reliable assay to quantify mitochondrial fusion and fission. In addition, it would be useful to identify chemical compounds that could modify mitochondrial dynamics for research or therapeutic use. It is therefore important to unravel the principles of mitochondrial fusion by identifying all the components that constitute the core fusion machinery and to understand better how this machinery is controlled and integrated into cell signaling pathways. Thus, loss of mtDNA integrity and stability could be the cause of several neurodegenerative disorders that have been associated with mitochondrial fusion impairment, including the inherited diseases Charcot-Marie-Tooth type IIA and optic nerve atrophy. Consequently, all mtDNA-encoded proteins, which are core subunits of the respiratory chain, are downregulated and oxidative phosphorylation is impaired, leading to cell dysfunctions. Impairment of mitochondrial fusion leads to accumulation of mutations in the mitochondrial genome and finally to loss of mtDNA molecules by a mechanism that is still unclear. On the other hand, fusion allows the mixing of matrix contents of different mitochondria, including their genetic information. On one hand, fragmentation or fission is necessary to produce new mitochondria from a 'mother mitochondrion' or to isolate and target damaged parts of one mitochondrion for degradation by mitophagy. To function correctly, mitochondria need to be dynamic: they move, fragment and fuse continuously. In humans, each mtDNA molecule encodes 13 proteins, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 tRNAs. Mitochondria contain their own genome that is packaged into nucleoid-like structures containing several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules. However, these organelles are not restricted to this unique function but fulfill a number of other tasks, including regulation of calcium homeostasis and amino acid metabolism or the citric acid and the urea cycles, and as such participate actively in life and death of cells. Mitochondria are mainly known as the 'power house' of eukaryotic cells because they are able to catalyze the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ![]() |
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